You can use apps to do things like watch movies and TV shows on streaming services, browse the web, and even play games. This means you won’t have to carry around a bunch of different gadgets to enjoy your favourite shows and movies. 

You can watch TV in a lot more fun and interesting ways with these boxes. Any TV can become a smart TV with lots of cool features with the help of a set-top box. You can use it to watch the latest TV shows, visit reputable casinos without Spanish licence, and movies or just surf the web.

Top 1: Apple TV

Apple TV is a streaming device made by Apple Inc. that takes watching TV to a whole new level. 

Apple TV gives you a lot of different ways to have fun in your living room, not just watching cable TV. Apple TV makes your TV a smart, interactive hub. You can watch films and TV shows on Apple TV+ and other services like Netflix and Hulu, and you can get a huge selection of apps and games from the App Store. 

Key Features of Apple TV include:

• High-Quality Video Playback: You can watch your favourite shows and movies in 4K HDR and Dolby Vision, which give you bright, lifelike colours and great clarity.

• Apple TV+ Subscription Service: Get exclusive access to original TV shows, movies, and documentaries with an Apple TV+ subscription.

• AirPlay: Effortlessly stream or share content from your iPhone, iPad, or Mac directly to your TV. This includes photos, videos, and music, making it perfect for entertainment or presentations.

• Siri Remote: The Siri Remote allows voice search and commands through Siri, making it easy to find what you want to watch, control playback, and even manage smart home devices.

• Integration with Apple Ecosystem: Apple TV is easy to connect to other Apple products and services. In other words, you can pick up a movie on your iPhone where you left off and watch it again, or you can use your Apple Watch as a remote.

• App Store Access: You can get a lot of apps and games that are made to work on TVs, from ones that teach you things to ones that track your health and everything in between.

Top 2: Android TV

Android TV is a smart platform from Google that turns your TV into a smarter, more connected device. It’s designed to bring the vast world of apps, streaming services, and more right to your living room. 

Unlike traditional TVs, Android TV can connect to the internet, letting you watch videos on YouTube, stream movies and shows on Netflix, and even download games and other apps from the Google Play Store. 

Here are some of the top features of Android TV:

• Google Assistant Integration: Just by speaking, you can search for content, control your TV, and manage smart home devices. 

• Google Play Store Access: When you go to the Google Play Store, you can find a lot of different apps and games, from ones that are fun to ones that teach you something.

• Chromecast Built-In: Android TV comes with Chromecast, allowing you to easily cast photos, videos, and music from your phone, tablet, or laptop directly to your TV screen.

• Custom Recommendations: It learns what you like to watch and adds new films and TV shows from your favourite apps. This makes it easier to find your next favourite.

• Multiple User Accounts: Different family members can have their personalized recommendations and watch history, thanks to support for multiple user accounts.

Top 3: Xiaomi Mi Box

The Xiaomi Mi Box is a small, cheap streaming device that can be connected to any TV with an HDMI port to make it work like a smart TV.

It runs on Android TV and has an easy-to-use screen that lets you easily and enjoyably access your favourite streaming services, apps, and games. People love the Mi Box because it looks good, is easy to use, and is a great deal for the money.

It makes it easy to turn your regular TV into a smart TV, so you can stream material in high definition, even 4K resolution, without spending a lot of money.

Key Features of Xiaomi Mi Box include:

• 4K Ultra HD and HDR Support: Support for 4K Ultra HD and HDR gives you a picture that is as clear as glass. Your best movies and TV shows will come to life with bright colours and sharp details.

• Voice-Controlled Remote: Comes with a voice-controlled remote, making it easy to search for content, control playback, and perform other commands without having to type or navigate through menus.

• Built-in Chromecast: You can easily send photos, videos, and songs from your phone or tablet to your TV. This gives you more ways to watch things and makes it easy to share your favourite moments.

• Access to Google Play Store: With the Android TV platform, you gain access to the Google Play Store, where you can download a lot of apps and games, adding to your entertainment choices even more.

• Dolby Audio Support: Support for Dolby Audio makes the sound quality of your films, TV shows, and songs better, making the listening experience better.

Final Thoughts

If you choose the right TV set-top box, it will offer a number of streaming services, smart features, and interactive content that will make watching TV much more enjoyable. There are three strong contenders: Apple TV, Android TV, and Xiaomi Mi Box. Each one meets a different set of needs and wants.

Ultimately, your choice should be influenced by what matters most to you: whether it’s the ecosystem compatibility, the range of available apps and features, or the price point.

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What is TNT?

TNT, or trinitrotoluene, is a widely known explosive compound that has played a significant role in various military and industrial applications. It was first synthesized in 1863 by the German chemist Joseph Wilbrand and gained prominence during the 20th century for its stability, relatively low sensitivity to shock or friction, and effectiveness as an explosive. Its chemical structure consists of a benzene ring with three nitro groups (-NO2) attached, providing the compound with its explosive properties.

TNT has been extensively used in the production of ammunition, dynamite, and other explosive devices due to its ability to release energy rapidly when detonated. Beyond its military applications, TNT has also been employed in construction, mining, and demolitions, showcasing its versatility as a powerful and reliable explosive compound. However, due to its potential hazards and environmental concerns, ongoing research aims to develop safer and more sustainable alternatives for explosive materials.

What Channel is TNT on DirecTV?

If you are a DirecTV subscriber, you may be wondering what channel TNT is on. The answer varies depending on your location and package. To help you find the TNT channel on DirecTV, we have compiled a list of channel numbers for major U.S. cities.

TNT Channel Numbers in DirecTV U.S. Cities

Note: These channel numbers are subject to change and may vary depending on your specific location and package. Please check your DirecTV guide for the most updated information.

DIRECTV Packages for Existing Customers

If you are an existing DirecTV customer, you may be wondering which packages include TNT. DirecTV offers a variety of packages with different channel lineups, so it’s essential to know which one includes TNT before making any changes to your subscription.

Here is a list of DirecTV packages that include TNT:

• Entertainment Package;
• Choice Package;
• Xtra Package;
• Ultimate Package;
• Premier Package.

If you are unsure which package you have, you can check your monthly bill or log into your DirecTV account online. If you wish to upgrade your package to include TNT, you can do so by contacting DirecTV customer service.

Popular Shows on TNT

TNT has gained a loyal following over the years, thanks to its diverse range of shows and movies. Here are some of the most popular shows currently airing on TNT:

1. Snowpiercer

Based on the 2013 film of the same name, Snowpiercer is a post-apocalyptic sci-fi series set seven years after the world becomes a frozen wasteland. The show follows the passengers of a massive train called Snowpiercer, which continuously circles the globe, as they struggle to survive and maintain order in a class-divided society. With an all-star cast, including Jennifer Connelly and Daveed Diggs, Snowpiercer has received critical acclaim for its thought-provoking themes and gripping storyline.

2. Animal Kingdom

This crime drama series follows the lives of a family involved in criminal activities in Southern California. After the death of their mother, the Cody brothers turn to their estranged grandmother, Janine “Smurf” Cody, for guidance and protection. However, tensions rise as the brothers’ criminal activities attract unwanted attention from the authorities and other rival gangs. With intense action and complex characters, Animal Kingdom has become a fan favorite on TNT.

3. The Alienist

Set in New York City during the late 19th century, The Alienist is a psychological thriller that follows a team of experts as they investigate a series of gruesome murders. The team, consisting of a criminal psychologist, a newspaper illustrator, and a secretary, must use their unique skills to track down a serial killer who preys on young male prostitutes. With its dark and atmospheric setting, The Alienist has captivated audiences and received multiple award nominations.

Conclusion

In conclusion, TNT is a popular channel on DirecTV, offering a diverse range of shows and movies for viewers to enjoy. Whether you are a fan of thrilling dramas, sports events, or blockbuster movies, TNT has something for everyone. By referring to this comprehensive guide, you can easily find the TNT channel on DirecTV and stay up-to-date with your favorite shows. As always, we recommend checking your local listings for the most accurate and updated information on channel numbers and packages. Happy viewing!

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Channels That Air Braves Games on DirecTV

Bally Sports South

Bally Sports South stands as the primary regional sports network for broadcasting most Atlanta Braves games. Widely accessible in Georgia and extending into parts of Alabama, Tennessee, and South Carolina, this channel serves as a go-to destination for dedicated Braves supporters.

Fox Sports South

Another key player in airing Braves games is Fox Sports South, a regional sports network available in select areas including portions of Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. Fans can rely on this channel for a selection of captivating Braves matchups throughout the season.

ESPN

As a national sports broadcaster, ESPN offers viewers the opportunity to catch some Braves games on a broader scale. With its extensive reach, ESPN brings certain Braves matchups to audiences across the country, adding a touch of national flair to the viewing experience.

TBS

TBS, known for its national broadcasts, showcases specific Braves games such as the All-Star Game and the World Series. Providing a platform for these major events, TBS ensures that fans can witness the pinnacle moments of the Braves’ season in all their glory.

FOX

FOX steps in with its national broadcasts of select Braves games, including pivotal matchups like the Division Series and the Championship Series. Through FOX, fans can immerse themselves in the high-stakes drama of these significant games, heightening the excitement of the baseball season.

FS1

For additional national coverage of Braves games, FS1 offers a platform for airing select matchups. With its distinct programming and focus on MLB content, FS1 enriches the viewing experience for fans seeking a broader perspective on the Braves’ performance.

MLB Network

MLB Network presents a curated selection of Braves games alongside other MLB matchups and programming. Serving as a dedicated hub for baseball enthusiasts, MLB Network ensures that fans have access to a diverse range of games and insights, enhancing their overall viewing experience.

Peacock

In the realm of streaming services, Peacock emerges as a valuable platform for airing certain Braves games. By offering a digital avenue for accessing live games, Peacock caters to fans who prefer the flexibility and convenience of online streaming options.

What Channels Do I Need to Watch Atlanta Braves Games on DIRECTV?

To enjoy Atlanta Braves games on DIRECTV, it’s essential to have access to the following channels based on your location and preferences:

• Bally Sports South;
• Fox Sports South;
• ESPN;
• TBS;
• FOX;
• FS1;
• MLB Network;
• Peacock.

By ensuring that your DIRECTV package includes these channels, you can stay connected to the thrilling world of Braves baseball throughout the season.

Which TV Providers Carry the Atlanta Braves games?

Several TV providers carry Atlanta Braves games, including DIRECTV, which offers a diverse selection of channels for fans to tune into their favorite team’s matchups. Additionally, regional sports networks and national broadcasters like ESPN and FOX contribute to the comprehensive coverage of Braves games across different platforms.

What Time Do Atlanta Braves Games Start?

Atlanta Braves games typically start at varying times depending on the day of the week and the specific schedule set by Major League Baseball. By consulting the Braves’ official schedule or checking program listings on DIRECTV, fans can stay informed about the exact start times of each game to ensure they don’t miss a single pitch.

How Can I Watch Atlanta Braves Games on DIRECTV Without Cable?

For viewers looking to watch Atlanta Braves games on DIRECTV without a traditional cable subscription, exploring alternative options such as streaming services or digital platforms like Peacock and MLB Network can provide convenient access to live game broadcasts. By leveraging these modern avenues, fans can enjoy the excitement of Braves baseball from virtually anywhere.

How to Watch the Atlanta Braves Game on DirecTV?

Watching the Atlanta Braves game on DIRECTV is a straightforward process once you have identified the appropriate channel based on the game details and your location. By referring to the DIRECTV schedule or using the interactive program guide, fans can easily locate the channel airing the Braves game for a specific date and time, ensuring a seamless viewing experience.

Atlanta Braves Schedule 2024

Stay up to date with the Atlanta Braves’ schedule for the 2024 season to mark your calendar for exciting matchups and key games. By following the Braves’ journey throughout the season and keeping track of game dates and times, fans can plan ahead to catch all the action live on DIRECTV and other broadcasting platforms.

Conclusion

In conclusion, staying informed about the channels that air Atlanta Braves games on DIRECTV is essential for fans eager to follow their favorite team’s journey throughout the season. By understanding the diverse range of channels available and how to access them through DIRECTV and other platforms, viewers can ensure they never miss a moment of the thrilling baseball action. Whether tuning in through regional sports networks, national broadcasters, or streaming services, fans can immerse themselves in the excitement of Braves baseball and cheer on their team with unwavering enthusiasm.

The post <strong>Braves Games on DirecTV: A Comprehensive Channel Guide</strong> appeared first on Ma-tai TV.

What is NFL?

The National Football League (NFL) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams, divided equally between the National Football Conference (NFC) and the American Football Conference (AFC). It is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America and the highest professional level of American football globally. The NFL season typically consists of a 17-week regular season, followed by a playoff tournament concluding with the Super Bowl, which is usually held on the first Sunday in February and is the most-watched annual sporting event in the United States.

Dish Network NFL Channel

Embark on your journey by acquainting yourself with the primary channels that broadcast NFL content on Dish Network:

• NFL Network: Your gateway to exclusive NFL content, including live games, highlights, and analysis;
• CBS: Home to a multitude of NFL games throughout the season, featuring some of the most anticipated matchups;
• FOX: Another cornerstone network for NFL broadcasts, ensuring a diverse array of matchups;
• NBC: Hosts the iconic Sunday Night Football, showcasing some of the season’s most significant games;
• ESPN: While primarily focused on college football, ESPN occasionally airs NFL games, particularly during the playoffs.

But wait, the adventure doesn’t end there! Delve deeper into the realm of Dish Network packages to uncover the perfect subscription for your NFL cravings. With offerings like America’s Top 120, 120+, 200, and 250, Dish Network caters to every fan’s preferences and budget.

What Channel is the NFL on Dish Network?

With the arsenal of channels and packages at your disposal, it’s imperative to chart your course through the NFL schedule. From the exhilarating regular season clashes to the heart-stopping drama of the playoffs and Super Bowl, Dish Network ensures you never miss a moment of the action.

But how does one embark on this epic journey? Fear not, fellow traveler, for Dish Network provides multiple avenues for accessing NFL content:

• Traditional TV: Tune in to your television to catch the latest NFL matchups;
• Dish Anywhere: Harness the power of streaming with Dish Network’s service, ensuring you can watch games on the go;
• Dish Hopper: Elevate your viewing experience with features like AutoHop, allowing you to skip commercials during recorded games.

As you traverse the NFL landscape on Dish Network, remember to consult the user-friendly program guide. Navigate through upcoming games, broadcast times, and more with ease, ensuring you never lose your way in the maze of football excitement.

In your quest for ultimate NFL immersion, consider the pinnacle of football indulgence: NFL Sunday Ticket on Dish Network. Gain access to every out-of-market NFL game, following your favorite teams’ triumphs and trials across the gridiron.

In conclusion, Dish Network stands as the beacon of NFL coverage, guiding fans through the exhilarating realm of professional football. With an array of channels, packages, and features, Dish Network ensures that every touchdown, tackle, and triumph is within reach. So, fellow football aficionado, arm yourself with your remote, tune in to the right channel, and prepare for a season of unparalleled NFL excitement on Dish Network!

Subscription Plans for DISH Network

Generally, DISH Network provides packages ranging from basic to premium tiers, with options for customization and additional add-ons. Here’s a generalized overview of what they typically offer:

• America’s Top Packages: These are basic packages that include a variety of popular channels such as news, sports, entertainment, and more. They usually start with a basic tier and go up to higher tiers with more channels;
• International Packages: DISH Network offers packages catering to various international audiences, including Spanish, Hindi, Chinese, and more. These packages include channels from specific regions or countries;
• Sports Packages: Sports enthusiasts can subscribe to packages that focus specifically on sports channels, including options for various leagues like NFL, NBA, MLB, NHL, and others;
• Premium Channels: Premium channels like HBO, Showtime, Cinemax, and STARZ are often available as add-ons to base packages or included in higher-tier packages;
• DVR and Equipment Options: DISH Network provides DVR options and equipment rentals, which may be included in some packages or available as add-ons;
• Internet Bundles: Depending on availability in your area, DISH Network may offer internet bundles alongside TV packages.

Subscription Plans for DISH Network:

To get the most accurate and up-to-date information on available plans, pricing, and promotions, it’s best to visit the official DISH Network website or contact their customer service directly. Additionally, they may have introduced new packages or changed existing ones since my last update.

FAQ

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If you’re facing this issue and seeking effective solutions to revive your Jabra Elite 65t earbuds, you’re in the right place. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the reasons behind the left or right earbud malfunction and provide simple fixes that you can try before reaching out to customer support or an authorized service center.

With a bit of troubleshooting and some patience, you might be able to resolve the issue in as little as 15 minutes.

Fixing Jabra Elite 65t Left Earbud Issues

Step 1: Ensure Balanced Charging

The first step in troubleshooting your Jabra Elite 65t earbuds is to ensure both earbuds have an adequate charge. If you typically use one earbud at a time, the earbud left in the case may have a full charge while the one in use may be drained. To rectify this, place both earbuds in the charging case for at least 10 minutes before use.

Step 2: Clean the Charging Connectors

If the earbuds still don’t function after charging, it’s time to inspect the charging connectors. Dust or dirt on the connector pins of the earbuds or the charging case can hinder charging. Gently wipe the connector pins on both the earbuds and the case using a lint-free cloth. For hard-to-reach areas, you can use a toothpick. Avoid using liquids to clean, as it could damage the earbuds.

Step 3: Update Firmware

Outdated firmware can lead to performance issues. Ensure your Jabra Elite 65t earbuds have the latest firmware. Follow these steps to update:

• Pair your earbuds with your smartphone;
• Download and open the Jabra Sound+ app;
• Tap the “Discover” icon;
• If an update is available, select “Update now” and follow the on-screen instructions.

Step 4: Set Audio Balance Correctly

Misconfigured audio balance settings can cause problems with one earbud not working. Check your device’s audio balance settings, ensuring it’s set to stereo mode rather than mono. This adjustment can vary depending on your device, but typically you’ll find it in the Accessibility settings.

Step 5: Try Connecting to Other Devices

To rule out device-specific issues, try connecting your Jabra Elite 65t to a different device, such as a smartphone or laptop. If both earbuds work correctly on the alternate device, the issue may be with your original device.

Step 6: Perform a Factory Reset

If none of the previous steps resolve the problem, consider performing a factory reset. Be aware that this will erase all pairing and device data. To reset the earbuds:

• Go to your smartphone’s Bluetooth settings;
• Locate your Jabra Elite 65t in the list of paired devices and select “Forget this Device.”;
• Remove both earbuds from the charging case;
• Simultaneously press and hold the left and right buttons on the earbuds until the LED flashes purple;
• Wait for 30 seconds, then pair the earbuds with your smartphone again.

Step 7: Claim Warranty

If your Jabra Elite 65t is still under warranty and none of the troubleshooting steps work, it may be a hardware issue. Jabra offers a 1-year warranty, and if your earbuds are covered, you can have them repaired or replaced at an authorized service center.

Why Does Jabra Elite 65t Left Earbud Fail To Work?

Several factors can contribute to the left or right earbud not functioning properly with Jabra Elite 65t:

• Lack of Charge: Using one earbud more frequently can result in uneven battery levels between earbuds, leading to one side failing to work. Charging both earbuds equally can resolve this issue;
• Outdated Firmware: Firmware updates are crucial for optimal performance. Outdated firmware can lead to connectivity and functionality problems. Ensuring your earbuds have the latest firmware is essential;
• Glitches: Technical glitches and bugs can occur with TWS earbuds. In such cases, a simple factory reset often rectifies the problem.

Comparison Table 

In-Depth Troubleshooting Insights

If you’ve followed the initial troubleshooting steps and are still experiencing problems with your Jabra Elite 65t earbuds, here are some additional insights and actions you can consider:

Check for Physical Damage

Inspect your earbuds for any physical damage or wear and tear. Damage to the earbud itself or the charging case can affect their functionality. Cracks, loose components, or water damage may require professional repair.

Investigate Compatibility

Ensure your Jabra Elite 65t earbuds are compatible with the device you are trying to connect to. Compatibility issues can sometimes lead to connectivity problems. Refer to the Jabra website or user manual for a list of compatible devices.

Explore App Settings

Jabra provides a dedicated app called Jabra Sound+ that allows you to customize your earbuds’ settings. Explore the app to check if any settings need adjustment or if there are firmware updates available within the app itself.

Battery Calibration

Occasionally, recalibrating the battery can help resolve battery-related issues. To do this, fully charge both earbuds, use them until they drain completely, then recharge them to full capacity.

Environmental Factors

Consider environmental factors that may be affecting your earbuds’ performance. Interference from other electronic devices, extreme temperatures, or excessive moisture can impact wireless connectivity.

Seek Professional Assistance

If all else fails, and your Jabra Elite 65t earbuds are still under warranty, contact Jabra customer support or visit an authorized service center. They can provide expert assistance, diagnose complex issues, and offer appropriate solutions.

Remember that the goal is to enjoy uninterrupted audio experiences with your Jabra Elite 65t earbuds. By exploring these troubleshooting steps and seeking professional help when needed, you can resolve most issues and continue to enjoy your wireless listening experience to the fullest.

Video Explanation 

In order to explain this topic in more detail, we have prepared a special video for you. Enjoy watching it!

Conclusion 

In conclusion, addressing the issue of the Jabra Elite 65t left earbud not working is a matter of methodical troubleshooting and understanding the underlying causes. We’ve explored a range of potential problems, from battery imbalances to firmware concerns, and provided practical steps to resolve them.

It’s reassuring to know that most of these issues can be fixed quickly, often within a matter of minutes, without the need for professional intervention. By maintaining balanced charging, ensuring clean charging connectors, and keeping the firmware up to date, you can enjoy a seamless audio experience with your Jabra Elite 65t earbuds.

Additionally, configuring audio balance settings correctly and testing your earbuds on different devices can help identify whether the problem lies with the earbuds themselves or the device you’re connecting to. If all else fails, don’t forget the warranty option – Jabra provides a one-year warranty that covers hardware-related problems, offering peace of mind to users.

Ultimately, these troubleshooting steps empower you to take control of your Jabra Elite 65t earbuds’ functionality, allowing you to enjoy your favorite music, podcasts, or calls without interruption. By following the insights provided in this guide, you can not only resolve existing issues but also prevent future ones, ensuring a long-lasting and satisfying listening experience.

So, whether it’s your left earbud, right earbud, or both, rest assured that with the right approach, you can keep your Jabra Elite 65t earbuds working in harmony, delivering the audio quality you deserve. Happy listening!

The post Jabra Elite 65t Left Earbud Not Working: Solutions  appeared first on Ma-tai TV.

The stencil was installed parallel to the disk, during the rotation of which the brushes slid on the stencil and provided a galvanic connection with it, creating a video signal. Thus, contact scanning of stencils was carried out, the image of which was transmitted. The receiver was a Brown tube with a 3×3 inch screen, the scan, respectively, was 10 frames per second vertically and 20 lines horizontally. With the help of this semi-electronic TV, still images were transmitted.

There was no public demonstration of the developed TV, because at that time in the scientific circles of Germany television was associated with a successful focus or perpetual motion machine, that is, beyond all scientific laws. Ferdinand Braun was categorically against the use of his oscillographic tube “not for its intended purpose”, that is, “science only for the sake of science”. Even in 1913, when M. Dickman tried to read a report on his achievements on television, the University Senate did not give consent.

On September 31, 1910, scientist Borys Rozing received a patent № 18076 with priority from July 25, 1907 for “Method of electrical transmission of images at a distance”. According to the patent, the transmitter used an electromechanical scheme of contactless image scanning using a system of moving mirrors. To create a video signal, a highly sensitive photocell developed by the author was used. A Brown tube modified by the author was used in the receiver, and signals formed synchronously and in-phase with the movement of mirrors in the transmitter were used for scanning.

On May 9, 1911, at a meeting of the scientific society, B. Rozing demonstrated a classical system of semi-electronic TV and transmitted an image of four white stripes on a black background. The number of lines is 12. The connection of the transmitter with the receiver was wired. Due to the inertia of the electromechanical transmission path, it was possible to transmit only still images. In the scientific laboratory of B. Rozing worked his student and assistant, V. Zvorykin, who was interested in the development of TV systems, and Rozing, as a true scientist, did not hide anything from his student. In 1919, V. Zvorykin emigrated to America, where he continued to work on television, and B. Rozing was fabricated a court case by the Bolshevik regime and died in exile.

Subsequently, a number of researchers offered their own TV systems that used moving mirrors and other methods for scanning in the transmission path: 1917 American R. Nicholson, 1922 Frenchman J. Valancy, 1924 German M. Dickman, 1929 American V. Zvorykin and others.

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The means of transmission are designed to decompose the image into elements and convert them into an electrical signal with subsequent transmission. At the present stage of TV development, it is a TV center, TV studio, etc., equipped with stationary and mobile transmitting TV cameras. Receiving means are designed to reproduce the image from the received electrical signal. These are television receivers (TV sets) for watching television programs. The processes of image conversion and reproduction must be synchronized, that is, synchronism (equality in frequency) and in-phase (equality in phase) of these processes must be ensured. The means of transmission and means of reception constitute the TV system. Transmission of sound, at the stage of the emergence of TV, was not considered a priority.

The term “television” in 1900 was proposed by physicist K. Persky. Before that and even after that, there were synonymous terms in use: telescopy, electroscopy, farsightedness, etc. The criterion (the main feature, the rule) of the emergence of a certain type of TB is a public demonstration of its practically implemented means. Only this criterion of truth makes it possible to “dot the i’s and cross the t’s” in the emergence of a particular means of TB without additional, rather long and complex, professional, at the level of scientific research, analysis of the purpose, composition of types of TB and their means, which also existed in ancient times.

Depending on the type of components (parts) of the means of TB systems, the following types of TB can be distinguished:

electromechanical (mechanical) TV, the means of transmission and reception of which consisted of electrical, electromechanical (moving) and partly electronic components. There was wired and wireless transmission of moving images with low quality;
semi-electronic TV (the initial stage of development of electronic TV), in which electromechanical components were used along with electronic ones, mainly in the transmitting means. The transmitting means used a contact and later a non-contact method of scanning the image while converting it into an electrical signal, and in the receiving means, a cathode ray tube, later CRT, was used to display the image. The connection of receiving and transmitting means was wired. The transmission of still images was carried out;
electronic TV, which used only electronic components, including CRT in the transmitting and receiving means. Electronic TV, as a result of the use of practically inertial (within the framework of this task) electronic components, made it possible to transmit moving (dynamic) images and improve their quality, mainly by increasing the number of image elements. Wireless transmission of moving images with high quality (in comparison with other types of TV) was carried out.

Some articles do not distinguish between semi-electronic and electronic TV, and some call it electronic TV, the means of which consist of arbitrary components (including electromechanical) but with receiving and transmitting CRT. This confusion is probably caused by attempts to change the date (to an earlier one) of the emergence of a particular “electronic” TB, which is actually semi-electronic. Or these are theoretical studies, the stage of circuit development, patenting, etc. of a really electronic TB, but not confirmed by its practical implementation and demonstration.

In general, visual information was transmitted remotely in ancient times. These were beacons that informed about important events, signaling with semaphores, signal flags and searchlights in the fleet, heliograph, where information was transmitted in Morse code using solar “bunnies”, etc. At the same time, observers received information within the direct vision. Natural phenomena: night, fog, snow, rain nullified these types of communication. However, for example, the army heliograph in sunny weather provided a transmission range of up to 75 km, and the record was 295 km between two mountains in America.

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Satisfactory quality of the transmitted images could not be achieved due to imperfect synchronization. However, the transmission speed of the graphic image (Morse code) was increased five to seven times. In 1847, the English physicist Frederick Bakewell improved O. Bain’s device by improving synchronization and for the first time carried out wire image transmission over a distance of about 50 miles. The image quality was low, so it did not go further than laboratory research.

During 1856 -1861, the Italian priest, physicist-enthusiast Giovanni Caselli developed and manufactured a device that found commercial application for the transmission of images by telegraph wires, called by the author “pantelephone”. It was a cast iron device about 2 meters high in the shape of the letter “A”. A pendulum weighing about 8 kg was attached to the top. Synchronization of pendulum movements in the transmitting and receiving apparatus was provided by high-precision clockwork. The image to be transmitted was applied with special non-conductive ink on a conductive metal base.

A platinum contact attached to the transmitter pendulum scanned the surface of the base in parallel lines. At the same time, depending on whether the contact with the base was present or absent when moving along the non-conductive ink image, electrical impulses were created or absent, which were sent to the receiver through the line. An iron contact was connected to the receiver pendulum. There was a similar, synchronized with the scanning in the transmitting apparatus, scanning of the surface of the paper impregnated with potassium ferrocyanide, which changed its color when the current passed. Thus, the electrochemical reproduction of the transmitted image was carried out. The resolution of the pantelegram was 3 lines per mm, the size of the image (white on a blue background) could be up to 10 cm by 15 cm.

A common disadvantage of these devices was the use of contact scanning. Further development of TV was caused by the discovery in 1873 of the internal photoelectric effect by American physicist Willaby Smith[en] and in 1887 of the external photoelectric effect by German scientist Heinrich Hertz. This created the conditions for the transmission of real images without their preliminary preparation. In 1881, the English physicist Shelford Bidwill used a selenium photocell in a transmitting device, which made it possible for the first time to non-contact scan an image formed by an optical lens system.

The creation of these devices showed the ways of further development of methods and practical implementation of means for the transmission of moving images. This is a line scanning of the image, with its simultaneous conversion into an electrical signal in the transmitting means (analysis, scanning, rasterization) and synchronized with the process of line scanning, line reproduction of the image in the receiving means (synthesis, vectorization, rendering).

The first electromechanical TV systems
In 1884, Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, a university student in Germany, patented an electromechanical television system consisting of two moving disks with electric power. The opaque disk rotating around its axis had holes located at equal angular distances along the Archimedean spiral. Subsequently, this disk was called the “Nipkov disk”. On a small segmental area at the top or side of the disk, the image intended for transmission was focused. A photocell was located behind the disk, opposite this area.
When the disk rotated, its holes (because they were arranged spirally) scanned the image one after another in almost horizontal parallel rows from top to bottom. The number of rows corresponded to the number of holes on the disk. Depending on the amount of light that penetrated through the moving holes, the voltage of the photocell changed. Thus, the image was scanned and simultaneously converted into an electrical video signal.

To reproduce the image, a disk with the same number of holes was also used, which rotated synchronously with the transmission disk. Moving holes were illuminated by a light source, the brightness of which varied (modulated) in accordance with the voltage of the video signal. For this purpose, the patent used a prototype of an electro-optical modulator consisting of an analyzer, a gas device for changing the polarization angle under the influence of a control voltage and a normalizer. Later, a neon lamp with a high frequency of light brightness change (up to tens of kilohertz) was used as a modulated light source.

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1. The word “television” appeared in 1907, but the abbreviation “TV” has been used only since 1948.
2. Regular television was first broadcast in Germany in 1935. At that time, only about seven hundred TV sets across Germany received the TV signal.
3. The first broadcast lasted only 40 minutes.
4. The oldest talk show in the history of television is the American program The Tonight Show. The program has been regularly aired since 1954.
5. Once there was no advertising on television. The first advertisement appeared in the United States of America on July 1, 1941 during the broadcast of a baseball game. Bulova watches were advertised. The commercial lasted 20 seconds and cost only 9 dollars.
6. Until 1987, no TV programs were broadcast on Thursdays in Iceland.
7. The first TV satellite was launched into orbit in 1962 and thanks to this in 1969 more than 500 million people watched the moon landing live.
8. By the age of 65, the average American has seen about 2 million television commercials.
9. After the popularity of the American TV franchise CSI, a new term “CSI effect” appeared, which is a misconception about forensic examination and investigation methods. For those who do not know, CSI is an American television series about the work of forensic laboratory staff.
10. In the UK, businesses, hospitals, schools and a range of other organisations must pay a television licence to watch broadcasts. The licence fee income is primarily used to fund the BBC’s television and radio services. Total revenue from licence fees in 2016-17 was over £3.7 billion.

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In the early twenties of the last century, the Ukrainian inventor Borys Grabovsky developed, designed and in 1923 manufactured an electronic transmitting tube “Electronic switch”. During 1924 – 1925, B. Grabovsky in co-authorship with his associates N. Piskunov and V. Popov developed a scheme and on November 9, 1925 filed documents for patenting of electronic TV. Patent № 5592 was received on June 30, 1928. In early 1928, B. Grabovsky and his assistant Ivan Bilyansky mounted and adjusted electronic TV called “Radiotelephone”. The first picture transmitted to the next room at a distance of 7 meters was a moving image of the hand of B. Grabovsky’s wife, who helped in conducting experiments.

On July 26 and August 4, 1928, in Tashkent, a public demonstration of TV and acceptance by the scientific commission of the local university took place. On the green screen of the receiving CRT with a diameter of 20 cm, pedestrians were observed, a tram crossing the square and the face of a man in which everyone recognized I. Bilyansky, who took off and put on a hat, turned his head, spoke (silently). The image was stable and clear, but black and white stripes were superimposed on it from time to time as a result of spark interference from electric and motor vehicles. The video session was recorded by newsreel. Wireless transmission of moving images was carried out at a distance of tens of meters.

In December 1923, the American engineer, inventor Vladimir Zvorykin developed a scheme of electronic TV using electronic transmitting and receiving tubes and applied for a patent, but received it only in 1938 (US 2022450), after proving the operability of the scheme. In 1925 V. Zvorykin demonstrated the transmission of a rather blurred, motionless image of lines. History is silent about what kind of TV was demonstrated: semi-electronic or electronic TV (incomplete) with such inertial components that its characteristics were worse than those developed by B. Rozing in his time. It is only known that after demonstrating the TV to the management of Westinghouse, where V. Zvorykin worked, he was “advised” to do more useful things.

On November 16, 1929, Zvorykin, who at that time was already working at RCA, applied for and received US patent No. 2109245 for a CRT, the so-called kinescope. Demonstration of electronic TV with moving image took place on November 18, 1929. It was a 120-line system of electronic television with a speed of 24 frames per second, with a new tube – kinescope.

In 1925 at the transport exhibition in Munich, German scientist M. Dickmann demonstrated a television system with electronic transmitting and receiving tubes. In the transmitting device, a 50-line image transformation was carried out. Still images of transport highways schemes were transmitted. The TV system was capable of transmitting moving images of silhouettes. On October 3, 1927, the patent DE450187 (C) with priority from April 5, 1925 was received for the transmitting cathode ray tube.
In 1926, Hungarian engineer Kalman Tihany developed a scheme and patented a TV system. He proposed a tube with charge accumulation for transmission.

On September 7, 1927, American scientist Philo Farnsworth transmitted still images (straight line and triangle) between two laboratories. In this TV system, along with electronic tubes, electromechanical elements were also used. Investors wanted to see the image of “at least one of the spent dollars”. After some time F. Farnsworth sent the image of the dollar.

Only by the autumn of 1928 he managed to avoid the use of electromechanical elements and held a public demonstration of electronic TV on September 1, 1928. The patent was received on September 26, 1930 with priority from January 7, 1927. To transmit moving images, the author used a tube of his own design, called a dissector. The reception was carried out by an electronic tube with a square inch blue screen, with a frequency of 20 frames per second. Patents related to the development of the dissector were bought for 1 million dollars by the company “RCA” in which V. Zvorykin worked. However, it is claimed that only in 1929 F. Farnsworth’s television system was improved by eliminating the motor generator, after which it no longer had mechanical parts.

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